Performance Enhancements

The Intel® Math Kernel Library has been optimized by exploiting both processor and system features and capabilities. Special care has been given to those routines that most profit from cache-management techniques. These especially include matrix-matrix operation routines such as dgemm().

In addition, code optimization techniques have been applied to minimize dependencies of scheduling integer and floating-point units on the results within the processor.

The major optimization techniques used throughout the library include:

Loop unrolling to minimize loop management costs
Blocking of data to improve data reuse opportunities
Copying to reduce chances of data eviction from cache
Data prefetching to help hide memory latency
Multiple simultaneous operations (for example, dot products in dgemm) to eliminate stalls due to arithmetic unit pipelines
Use of hardware features such as the SIMD arithmetic units, where appropriate

These are techniques from which the arithmetic code benefits the most.

Optimization Notice
The Intel® Math Kernel Library (Intel® MKL) contains functions that are more highly optimized for Intel microprocessors than for other microprocessors. While the functions in Intel® MKL offer optimizations for both Intel and Intel-compatible microprocessors, depending on your code and other factors, you will likely get extra performance on Intel microprocessors. While the paragraph above describes the basic optimization approach for Intel® MKL as a whole, the library may or may not be optimized to the same degree for non-Intel microprocessors for optimizations that are not unique to Intel microprocessors. These optimizations include Intel® Streaming SIMD Extensions 2 (Intel® SSE2), Intel® Streaming SIMD Extensions 3 (Intel® SSE3), and Supplemental Streaming SIMD Extensions 3 (Intel® SSSE3) instruction sets and other optimizations. Intel does not guarantee the availability, functionality, or effectiveness of any optimization on microprocessors not manufactured by Intel. Microprocessor-dependent optimizations in this product are intended for use with Intel microprocessors. Intel recommends that you evaluate other library products to determine which best meets your requirements.

Optimization Notice

The Intel® Math Kernel Library (Intel® MKL) contains functions that are more highly optimized for Intel microprocessors than for other microprocessors. While the functions in Intel® MKL offer optimizations for both Intel and Intel-compatible microprocessors, depending on your code and other factors, you will likely get extra performance on Intel microprocessors.

While the paragraph above describes the basic optimization approach for Intel® MKL as a whole, the library may or may not be optimized to the same degree for non-Intel microprocessors for optimizations that are not unique to Intel microprocessors. These optimizations include Intel® Streaming SIMD Extensions 2 (Intel® SSE2), Intel® Streaming SIMD Extensions 3 (Intel® SSE3), and Supplemental Streaming SIMD Extensions 3 (Intel® SSSE3) instruction sets and other optimizations. Intel does not guarantee the availability, functionality, or effectiveness of any optimization on microprocessors not manufactured by Intel. Microprocessor-dependent optimizations in this product are intended for use with Intel microprocessors.

Intel recommends that you evaluate other library products to determine which best meets your requirements.